July 18, 2025

Forward and backward (directional) couplers differ in their signal sampling methods. Forward couplers extract a portion (typically ​​-10dB to -30dB​​) of the ​​incident wave​​ traveling toward the load, while backward couplers sample the ​​reflected wave​​. Forward versions exhibit ​​<0.5dB insertion loss​​, whereas backward types measure ​​VSWR​​ (1.05:1 to 1.5:1). Both use ​​50Ω/75Ω striplines​​ with ​​20-40dB […]

The Magic Tee (or Hybrid Tee) earns its name from its “magical” ability to split or combine RF signals with precise phase control. This 4-port waveguide divides input power equally (3dB loss) between two collinear ports while isolating the fourth port (20+ dB rejection). Its T-shaped design enables 180° phase shifts in the E-arm and