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Yes, UHF monopole antennas typically need a ground plane. Without one, signal coverage can be reduced by 30% to 50%. For optimal performance at 450 MHz, a 33 cm ground plane is recommended, increasing signal gain by 2 dB to 4 dB with a larger ground plane. Unipolar antenna A monopole antenna is a half-wavelength […]

A waveguide coupler transfers energy between waveguides, splitting or combining signals. For example, it can split a 100W input signal into two 50W outputs. It also allows precise signal monitoring by extracting around 1% for measurement without significantly affecting the main signal’s power. Signal distribution One of the main functions of the waveguide coupler is

Waveguide corners, bends, and twists adjust signal paths in confined spaces. For effective use, bends should have a radius at least 2-3 times the waveguide width (e.g., 45.72 mm for WR-90). Twists maintain signal polarization with minimal loss, typically below 0.15 dB for 90-degree twists. Waveguide corner Waveguide corners are used to change the direction

A directional coupler typically has four ports or “holes”: an input port, an output port, a coupled port, and an isolated port. These ports are crucial for splitting or combining signals in radio technology, allowing for precise control and minimal signal loss. Input port (usually labeled port 1) In commercial wireless communication systems, the input

A transmitting antenna converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves, typically handling power levels from 10W to 50kW. A receiving antenna captures these waves and converts them back into electrical signals, usually operating at low power, like -50 dBm to -20 dBm. use Transmitting antennas are used in radio stations, TV signal towers and mobile communication

A standard rectangular waveguide typically measures 22 mm wide and 10 mm high, supports TE10 mode with a cutoff frequency around 6.56 GHz, and is used primarily in high-frequency applications like radar. Shape and size The core design parameters of a rectangular waveguide include width and height, which directly determine the cutoff frequency of the

A rectangular waveguide acts as a high pass filter due to its cutoff frequency, determined by its width. For a width of 2 cm, the cutoff frequency is approximately 7.5 GHz, allowing only signals above this frequency to propagate effectively. Cut-off frequency The width of a waveguide is 2 cm, according to the cutoff frequency

The most common cause of failure in coaxial cables is physical damage, such as bending beyond the recommended radius, leading to a 40% increase in conductor breakage and significant signal loss. Physical damage Physical damage to coaxial cables often occurs in the inner conductors and outer insulation of the cable, especially during incorrect use and

Low SWR on a coaxial cable minimizes power loss and equipment stress, ensuring more of the transmitted 100 watts reaches the antenna, enhancing signal strength and reliability. Power efficiency Suppose a radio transmitter with an output power of 100 watts is connected to the antenna via a coaxial cable. We compare system performance with SWR

Satellites can transmit over vast distances: LEO satellites cover about 1,500 km in diameter, MEO satellites up to 5,000 km, and GEO satellites can reach about 42% of the Earth’s surface. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites orbit between 160 and 2,000 kilometers above the Earth. They’re so close to the