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A directional coupler typically has four ports or “holes”: an input port, an output port, a coupled port, and an isolated port. These ports are crucial for splitting or combining signals in radio technology, allowing for precise control and minimal signal loss. Input port (usually labeled port 1) In commercial wireless communication systems, the input […]

A transmitting antenna converts electrical signals into electromagnetic waves, typically handling power levels from 10W to 50kW. A receiving antenna captures these waves and converts them back into electrical signals, usually operating at low power, like -50 dBm to -20 dBm. use Transmitting antennas are used in radio stations, TV signal towers and mobile communication

A standard rectangular waveguide typically measures 22 mm wide and 10 mm high, supports TE10 mode with a cutoff frequency around 6.56 GHz, and is used primarily in high-frequency applications like radar. Shape and size The core design parameters of a rectangular waveguide include width and height, which directly determine the cutoff frequency of the

The rectangular waveguide behaves as a high-pass filter due to its cutoff frequency characteristics. When the operating frequency is lower than the cutoff frequency (such as c/(2a) for the TE10 mode), electromagnetic waves cannot propagate. When it is higher than the cutoff frequency, it can be effectively transmitted. It is often used in microwave communication

The most common cause of failure in coaxial cables is physical damage, such as bending beyond the recommended radius, leading to a 40% increase in conductor breakage and significant signal loss. Physical damage Physical damage to coaxial cables often occurs in the inner conductors and outer insulation of the cable, especially during incorrect use and

Low SWR on a coaxial cable minimizes power loss and equipment stress, ensuring more of the transmitted 100 watts reaches the antenna, enhancing signal strength and reliability. Power efficiency Suppose a radio transmitter with an output power of 100 watts is connected to the antenna via a coaxial cable. We compare system performance with SWR

Satellites can transmit over vast distances: LEO satellites cover about 1,500 km in diameter, MEO satellites up to 5,000 km, and GEO satellites can reach about 42% of the Earth’s surface. Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites orbit between 160 and 2,000 kilometers above the Earth. They’re so close to the

Optical fibers primarily use LEDs for short ranges (850 nm) and laser diodes for long distances, operating at 1310 nm or 1550 nm to minimize loss and maximize efficiency. Leds are used for short distances Leds are like right-hand men in short-range fiber optic communications, handling lightweight tasks in the world of data. Let’s dig

When testing and calibrating electronic equipment, a dummy load is used that consumes electrical energy in a way similar to an actual or real expected load of the device under test. It is manufactured with internal resistors, capacitors, or inductors to change electrical energy into heat and other forms of energy. A dummy load is

Horn antennas are mainly divided into rectangular horns (such as standard gain 10-20 dBi), circular horns (suitable for wide bandwidth), fan-shaped horns (horizontally or vertically extended beam width), and multi-mode horn antennas, which are designed for different gain and beam width requirements. Standard Horn Antennas During ChinaSat-9B’s orbital testing last year, feed network VSWR suddenly